Qatar Airways Steps To Sustainability Environmental Sciences Essay

Qatar Air shipway Steps To Sustainability Environmental Sciences EssayQatar Airways established in 1993 and started its operation in 20/01/1994. They have been awarded the worlds 5-star airline by SkyTrax. With numerous awards that have been awarded to them, they overstretch to give the best quality service to passenger both on air and ground. Qatar is one of the fastest growing airlines with more than than 90 groups of aircraft to 100 destinations from Doha.Mission, Vision, goalThe accompanys boot, vision and goal Excellence in e actuallything we do. To be the worlds leading globular carrier in the service industries and hospitality. Their goal is to be one of the worlds top high-ranking airlines in the world.A well written mission, gradually introduce the sense of direction towards the achievement of the companys to the staff and stakeholders. The corporate mission should clearly define the companys strategic aims. The market leave behind have the influences on the corporate mission much(prenominal) as an organization should adapt to both of its privileged and the opportunities and threats in its external characteristics. The mission stated by Qatar Airways which focus on the companys competencies that bewilder value for its customers and stakeholders and have competitive improvement to provide synergy crossways its services or products.Aviation industries are subjected to harm the purlieu by the emissions of poisonous fumes such as carbon produced by the terminate to generate the airplane engine. Airplane uses specialized fuel to move the plane. It is often contains additives to minimize the hazard conditions to suit weather, temperature (example Snow) and to withstand pressure from explosion.Flight Statistics Based on category 2009This statistics shows the summary of total aircraft, both commercial and cargo carriers. We will then find out the approximate amount of carbon emitted from these carriers.Carbon Emissions from transport Land, Air, ocean (2007-2008)An estimation of 3.4 % of the global liquid consumption is used by commercial aviation. This industry consumes 3.0 million barrels of jet fuel every day. With the increase of vernal aircrafts of 21,400 units, fuel consumption will increase drastically, not considering a future fleet of 27, 5720 passenger aircrafts and 4,280 freight aircrafts. It is imperative to use a cleaner fuel to curb d possess CO2 emissions.GraphGlobal WarmingClimate change is a threat and should not be taken lightly. Businesses may be disrupted, due to climate change. Organizations should focus on possible threats and risks pertaining to the climate change such as change in weather, fines and taxes from regulatory bodies and the stakeholders opinion will be affect the business flows. Companies should come up with well strategic plan that highlights threats and convert risks into potential business opportunity that will allow them to survive in the coming storm.Bad Weather AheadBusinesses that cater to tourists faced major challenge and worries when occurrences of bad weather conditions like storms, hailstones could damage the aircraft and very risky to fly the plane. Companys deals with air transport for both commercial and air freight are mostly affected. Their assets are dependent on the climate they need to find ways to control the risks.Climate of Public OpinionCompanies have to earn public trusts by announcing their intention on reducing the carbon emission that they produce. Companies that announcing publicly to go cat valium will receive attractive dividends as the intensity and level of public interest increase to deal with the climate change. Shareholders need to focus and self-remind round the effects of the climate change will leave an impact to the business through various aspects such as companies business strategies, assets values and investments. In position to have a long-term approach to manage the effects of the change of climate is to have the best representatives that have the extensive knowledge to represent the companies in creating advantages to the business.Greenhouse EffectsExplanations of Stakeholders relating to CSRStakeholdersQATAR Alternative FuelsOryx LogoQatar uses sustainable biofuels that contains gas to liquids kerosene. Collaborations with Shell, Qatar Petroleum, Rolls Royce, Qatar Science and technology Park, Airbus and Woqod to provide cleaner fuel to reduce the impact on the earth. First airline implement the fuel efficiency program in 2007. Qatar find ways to minimize their aircraft routines such as efficient flight routes, aircraft lading decrement, various procedures of landing and taking off etc in order to reduce the consumption of fuels and carbons emitted.Qatar will be able to meet the affectments of European Union Emissions trade Scheme which focus on reducing carbon emissions. Qatar aims to provide sustainable place for the future generations.Sustainable Aviation Users Group on exploitation su stainable fuelTo be eligible for membership, group members must subscribe to sustainability criteria that stipulate the followingPlant growth, harvesting, processing, and end-use which emit total lifecycle dark- spirthouse gases should be minimized and controlled importantly as compared to jet fuels based from fossil fuels.Development projects should include providing and improving the socio-economic conditions for small scale farmers who rely on agriculture for survivability of their families and themselves and that do not require the involuntary displacement of local populations.The natural environment such as high conservation value areas and native eco-systems should be maintained and not be cleared and converted for jet fuel plant source development.Video Presentation Aviation Environment Summit, 2010(Click to see Video attached)Paul Steele, Executive handler of the Air Transport Action Group, presents aviation industries towards reducing carbon emissions. This presentation was held at Aviation Environment Summit, 2010, in Geneva, Switzerland. In this video, it states the mission, vision and objectives of the aviation industries in terms of reducing the carbon emissions that the industries produce.There are several(prenominal) analyses that show their forecasts on achieving towards the sustainable fuels. In the 3rd Aviation summit, the presentation shows ways to commit to deal with the climate change. The current presentation on 2010 shows clear layout to reach the targeted goals. In the video it also includes carbon emissions statistics, what the industries targets the next 40 years and etcThe global targets in 2010 to increase 1.5% of fuel efficiency per annum and to grow carbon neutral in 2050, for year 2020, to develop and grow the industries and 2050 the maximum target of 50% reduction of carbon emissions based on 2005.Every role in the aviation industries, are very important and crucial as they should work towards reaching the goals in growing t he carbon neutral in terms of developing technology and sustainable fuels.Reasons to why organizations should go greenOne of the major reasons to why companys pass green is to promote responsibility and be a good citizen. This could gain the trusts of the regulatory bodies, communities and other internal and external stakeholders. Companys main business activities that incorporated with the environment will tend to gain by increase in market shares. Caring for the environment will reduce and prevent pollution, focusing on the 3R Reduce, reuse and Recycle waste materials. By instilling Go Green values in the company, it will help to attract potential customers with similar values which will lead in creating good community relationships and to raise the chances for business to grow. The major challenged that businesses faced in this 21st century climate constantly change, pollution, depletion of natural resources, need and inequality.Environmental Impacts and ValuesEnvironmental I mpactsOrganizations are emphasizing that they should go green and start caring for the earth. They chose to be greener as they truly understand the harm that they caused to the environment. move their very best to stop producing products that could actually harm the environment like cancer-causing substances or pollute the natural habitats of the living things.Environmental ValuesThese groups of Organizations go green as they believed that they should not harm the environment and to protect the living things as they deserve the every rights to live and grow. The companies might also decide to stop their turnout from producing harmful products that might affect their employees, customers and the end users.Government RegulationsGovernment might come up with rule and regulations to stop organizations to further destroy the environment. Companies that go green will have the advantages of avoiding the penalties that might be imposed to those who against them. Increase in market share a nd profits could lead them towards a start on developing greener technology that might be fully sponsor or subsidize. Fines or lost in market share might be the result in not being part of it.Economic Opportunities and DisincentivesSome Organizations go green because they wanted to portray a good image for their stakeholders and gain competitive advantage in promoting their new green products. Being green can also avoid the financial issues fines, penalties that impose to the company.Advantage/ DisadvantageThere are several advantages to companies going green. For an example those companies that focus on being green will benefits from the advantages given such as, they may be able to meet the demands of the consumer that are very particular on buying a product that is not harmful to the environment. Companies can gain reputations by being a brand image for producing green products and reduce their liability risks by using environmental friendly products during the production and be responsible towards the environment in their business practices. Companies will increase their chances for getting investments from financial institutions if they are one of the companies that are listed under Socially responsible investing. Stakeholders will be more interested in involving themselves in a company that are ethical in running their businesses.Businesses that combined their environmental issues and business activities together tend to gain more market share, save their production be through resource efficiency, prevent pollution, pay lower insurance premiums, and recycle and reuse waste materials. Retaining the staff similar values by having high piece of work standards and engendering loyalty, maintaining a strong competitive edge, creating good community relations and can develop new business relationships with others that also go green like suppliers, distributer , partnerships.Companies that did not practices environmental issues to their business activities, t hey might lose out lists of advantages. Companies might lose their stakeholders trust and loyalty ruin their own reputation, degrade the health of their own staff and also substantial amount for the penalties. Both the benefits of going green and bring harm to the environment have to observe the rules imposed respectively such as Positive incentives and negatives incentives.Major Challenge to sustainabilityPollutionDepletionPovertyDeveloped EconomiesGreenhouse gasesUse of toxic materialsContaminated SitesScarcity of materialsInsufficient reuse and cycleUrban and minority unemploymentEmerging EconomiesIndustrial EmissionsContaminated Water wish of sewage treatmentOverexploitation of renewable resourcesOveruse of water for irrigation and other purposesMigration to citiesLack of skilled workersIncome inequalitySurvival EconomiesDung and wood burningLack of sanitationEcosystem destruction due to developmentDeforestationOvergrazingSoil loss macrocosm growthLow status of women dislocatio n

Women On International Assignments

Women On International AssignmentsDuring the past two decades, more and more physical compositions hurl been going worldwide, and, as a result, more and more employees are being sent on supranational assignments. Employers are sending more female workers on international assignments than ever before, according to a report. The poll looked at 100 multinational companies with about 17,000 male and female employees working overseas.This arc reflects the increasingly global nature of modern companies. Nowhere is this dynamic more palpable than it is in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly China, which reports the greatest rise in number of female assignees. But this is non the only region experiencing a boom in the number of female assignees. Respondents from North America report having nearly four times as many a(prenominal) female assignees, while their European counterparts say they pass on twice as many.The trend is expected to continue. Fifty-five percent of respondents a nticipate that the number of female assignees pass on increase steadily over the next five years. Only 4 percent of the survey participants believe the number of female assignees will decline. For their part, female workers are willing to take on assignments overseas because they can open opportunities for professional advancement.An increasingly young, multicultural and diverse workforce brings an important new phase to acquit assignments, termed the pre-decision phase. Pre-decision can be likened to an assignment due diligence procedure that includes a careful sagaciousness of all aspects associated with the proposed posting.Vital to this work out is the opportunity to visit and adjudicate living, housing, working, schooling and lifestyle options in the host location. Many Generation X (22-35 years old) and Generation Y (21 and under) employees will refuse an assignment out right hand if this is not offered, leaving International HR departments little option than to offer the possibility.The first hurdle to be faced by the hopeful applicant is the selection process itself. After confirming the technical competence and suitability of the candidate, companies generally have two principal assessment targets in identifying their potential expatriates.One is the cross-cultural competence of the candidate (and accompanying partner). This includes knowledge, skills, and personality traits. The other is termed situational readiness and takes in all factors that may influence the assignment, such as candidates career path objectives and personal factors that may influence the assignment.Cross-cultural personality assessment is usually combined with behavioral interviews to form a complete picture of individual competencies, weaknesses and strengths. Candidates should keep these desirable characteristics in mind when undergoing assessment.Female graduates should be aware that worldwide women hold a very low percentage of all international management positions. This circumstance not only hinders the business success of multinational firms abroad but it also limits opportunities for women to succeed at home.Most multinational companies prefer that their senior management have abundant overseas experience. Excluded from that experience, women are also excluded from promotions and power later in their careers.It is necessary, therefore, for women to lobby for these assignments early in their careers. Often the selection process within an organization will be less than transparent, and a proactive standpoint will be necessary.This briefing paper clearly brings about the problems faced by women on international assignments. TERMS OF REFERENCEThe briefing paper was prepared to assume me as the researcher. Let the client be a company that wishes to send their women employees on international assignments. For which they were in need of knowing almost all the pros and cons of doing the same. The result and the ideas that I suggest may or may not s atisfy the company.OVERVIEW OF contemporary SITUATIONThe limited problems faced by women in international assignments were found to be,Barriers to women in management (entry level)Barriers to women in career pathPersonality traitsAdjustment problemsCultural,social,legal,economic and governmental factorsSeveral women were offered positions only if there were no suitable male candidates for the post.ANALYSISStrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats ( jam) analysis can be a useful likewisel in the assessment of the sexual urge dimension of development programmes. The SWOT analysis as followsStrengths internal features of a chuck that have proved effective in addressing gender issues (e.g. project components, methods and techniques for implementation, monitoring and evaluation techniques, project staff and management)Weaknesses internal features of a project that have not proved effective in addressing gender issuesOpportunities immaterial factors that may assist in overco ming the weaknesses and building on the strengths andThreats external constraints that restrict the range of opportunities for change.Although the above operational definitions for opportunities and threats specify a focus on external factors and external constraints. This is appropriate for ongoing projects and programmes since both the internal and external factors in opportunities and threats are relevant. What this shows, at a general level, is the need to adjust tools such as the SWOT analysis to the situation in which they are being used.SWOT AnalysisStrengthsWeaknesseshigh rate of womens participation during programme formulationgood participation by other stakeholders (e.g. Ministry of Gender, Youth and Community Services)project addresses the most vulnerable woman-headed households and marginalized womenwater users associations formed in which both women and men participatewomen participate in irrigation lineation activitiesequal opportunity for women and men to access cre dit and market places through water users associationsno provision in project design for conducting a baseline study to act as a foundation for addressing food security, nutrition and income enhancement need of training on gender issuescultural set women tend to be shy during mathematical group concourseswomen have no access to modern machines and other technology (e.g. ploughs, tractors)OpportunitiesThreatsconduct a baseline studystrengthen the linkage with the gender mainstreaming efforts coordinated by the extension services of the Department of Agriculturesupport the development of labor-saving technologiesthe problem of the sustainability of womens empowerment, given the relatively short period of the programme, coupled with lack of trainingprogramme affected by the displacement of people due to droughts and floodslimited fundsStrengthsRestructured, rationalized and focusedGood political leadershipTrained, skilled and see staffProject implementation experienceFocused on po licy and not interventionsFocused on helping private sectorBased in the commercial capital of the CountryAlready involved with various marketing interventions, i.e. warehouse receiptSupport to cooperatives and participation in international trade conferences confident and constructive senior civil servantsweaknessLimited operating budget(poorly funded)Distant from capital (isolated)Staff poorly paidLow staff morale want of marketing expertiseLack of marketing expertise -indeed, considerable naivety in the understanding of support to private-sector marketing interventionsMinistry has a very wide docket and is lacking in focusProbably finds it difficult to give sufficient options to rural marketingStaff poorly paid and lacking motivation at middle and lower levels.opportunitiesMuch donor goodwillGovernment reform programme for function analysis, downsizing, liberalization and privatization.Key ministry and lead sector Size and put behind bars offer opportunity to become the lead mi nistry for support to small-scale farmer marketingOpportunity to become the lead ministry and catalyst to the private sector by supporting existing entrepreneurs and the private sectors involvement with marketing.Threats.Staff turn overShifts in political climateLimited field presence due to decentalisationLack of sympathy and understanding of the private sector will seriously disadvantage its identification of interventions.Unsure of its status to assist with rural marketingSeen as a promoter of cooperatives a concept derided by private sector.SOLUTIONS RECOMMENDATIONSWomen need air-miles to improve their international career prospects, but the first challenge many aspiring(prenominal) women face is getting an assignment in the first place.Women entering traditional gender-typed occupations can find themselves in such archetypal female ghetto occupations as secretarial work.Women nowadays can enter the employment with the same level of educational attainment as men.Women graduat es expressed as much interest in international careers as their male colleagues which shows their managerial capacity.There are many ways to be get rid of the problems that arose due to the adjustment problems. They can handle them by their own. accept a sophisticated approach to the determination of criteria for effective international managers.Monitor their selection processes to ensure access is not unfairly restricted to specific section of employees.Avoid assumptions as to the likely motivation of women to accept overseas assignment and the likely success rate of women expatriates.Decision-makers make assumptions as to what they think the best(p) sort of assignment for someone would be. When they move that framework over to women they tend to eliminate certain jobs because of the locations they are in and assume they are either too dangerous or difficult.Depending upon the degree to which a culture has been involved in the process of globalization, foreign businesswomen are se en firstly as business people, secondly as representatives of their culture, and thirdly as women.In a shrinking, wired, global world there are still many reasons why companies choose to send expatriates rather than hiring locally, including meeting key strategic business requirements, such as the need to establish a business presence quickly in response to rapid market developments and helping to recruit, orient and train new employees. Perhaps still most importantly, expatriates play a strategic role in the transfer of corporate values and culture.It is cultural attitudes toward the role of women in child-rearing and family life which play a role in this shortfall as women move through different life stages.Adopt an educative approach to the organizational resistance to sending women abroad do not assume it is the result of direct prejudice.Try to be in right place at the right time.FORECASTS OUTCOMESMen still account for the lions share of international assignments, but an incre asing number of women are going to foreign lands as well. By 2010, participating companies predicted that 20% of the expatriate population would be female. Although it is undocumented, international HR executives estimate that about half of all female expatriates are not married and go on assignments as singles.Domestic U.S. relocation figures have shown dramatic increases in the transfers of women as well, and these statistics may support the forecast of an upward trend in the international arena. According to the Employee Relocation Council, women, who made up 5% of the domestic transferee population in 1980, made up 11% of that group in 1986 and 18% in 1991. The forecast for 2010 is 24%.Companies also reported that they are expanding their global talent banks and using more focused and competency-based selection tools. more than women are listed as candidates for key overseas positions than they were 5 to 10 years ago. We are no longer making the faulty assumption that women are not mobile and not interested in a foreign assignment, said one HR executive.REFERRENCE SECTIONNapier, N.K. and Taylor, S (2002) Experiences of women professionals abroad.Powell.G. (1988) Women and men in management, Beverly hills.International homosexual Resource Management, Annie-Wil Harzing, J. Van Russeyveldt, 2004.Handbook of research in international human resource management by Gunter K.Stahl, Ingmar Biorkman, 2006.Women in Management Current Research issues by Marilyn Davidson, Ronald J Burke, 2000.Expatriate women managers genders, culture and career by Katharina Hartl, 2003.Senior female international managers why so few? By Margaret Linehan, 2000. Fundamentals of human resource management by Raymond A Noe, 2004.The gender of the gift problems with women and society by Marilyn Strathem, 1990.

Four Phases of the Business Cycle

Four descriptors of the Business CycleECONOMICSQ 1 Define the term Business Cycle and also explain the phases of line of merchandise or workmanship cycle in brief?Ans The wrinkle cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movements in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real(a) GDP and other macroeconomic variable quantitys.Diagram of Business Cycle (or Trade Cycle) -The business cycle starts from a trough ( lowlyer point) and passes through and through a recovery phase followed by a period of expansion (upper number point) and prosperity. After the peak point is reached in that respect is a declining phase of recession followed by a depression. A get on the business cycle continues similarly with ups and downs.Explanation of Four Phases of Business Cycle1. Prosperity Phase Expansion or Boom or Upswing of economy.When in that respect is an expansion of output, income, employment, prices and profits, there is also a rise in the specimen of living. This peri od is termed as Prosperity phase.The features of prosperity ar - High train of output and trade, High level of effective posit, High level of income and employment, Rising interest rates, Inflation, Large expansion of bank credit, Overall business optimism.2. Recession Phase from prosperity to recession (upper turning point).The turning point from prosperity to depression is termed as Recession Phase.During a recession period, the economic activities slow down. When demand starts falling, the over w beion and approaching investment plans be also given up. There is a steady decline in the output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen lose confidence and become pessimistic (Negative). It reduces investment. The banks and the people try to beguile greater liquidity, so credit also contracts. Expansion of business stops, stock market falls. Orders are open firecelled and people start losing their jobs. The increase in unemployment causes a sharp decline in inco me and aggregate demand. Generally, recession lasts for a short period.3. Depression Phase Contraction or Downswing of economy.When there is a incessant decrease of output, income, employment, prices and profits, there is a fall in the standard of living and depression sets in.The features of depression are - elapse in volume of output and trade, Fall in income and rise in unemployment,Decline in consumption and demand, Fall in interest rate, Deflation, Contraction of bank credit, Overall business pessimism.In depression, there is under-utilization of resources and fall in GNP (Gross National Product). The aggregate economic activity is at the lowest, causing a decline in prices and profits until the economy reaches its Trough (low point).4. Recovery Phase from depression to prosperity (lower turning Point).The turning point from depression to expansion is termed as Recovery or Revival Phase.During the period of revival or recovery, there are expansions and rise in economic acti vities. When demand starts rising, achievement increases and this causes an increase in investment. There is a steady rise in output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen gain confidence and become optimistic (Positive). This increases investments. The stimulation of investment brings about the revival or recovery of the economy.Thus we see that, during the expansionary or prosperity phase, there is inflation and during the compressing or depression phase, there is a deflation.Q2. Monopoly is the situation there exists a single control over the market producing a commodity having no substitutes with no possibilities for anyone to enter the industry to compete. In that situation, they allow for not bash a uniform price for all the customers in the market and also the pricing constitution followed in that situation?Ans A market mental synthesis characterized by a single seller, marketing a unique product in the market. In a monopoly market, the seller faces no competition, as he is the sole seller of goods with no close substitute.In a monopoly market, factors like government license, ownership of resources, copyright and palpable and high starting cost make an entity a single seller of goods. All these factors restrict the entry of other sellers in the market. Monopolies also possess some(a) information that is not known to other sellers.Characteristics of monopoly Only one single seller in the market, There is no competition, There are many buyers in the market, The dissolute enjoys abnormal profits, The seller controls the prices in that particular product or service and is the price maker, Consumers dont generate perfect information, There are barriers to entry. These barriers many be natural or artificial, The product does not have close substitutes.Advantages of monopolyMonopoly avoids duplication and hence wastage of resources.Due to the fact that monopolies make lot of profits, it can be used for research and development and to maintain their status as a monopoly.Monopolies may use price discrimination which benefits the economically weaker sections of the society. Monopolies can generate to invest in latest technology and machinery in order to be efficient and to avoid competition.Disadvantages of monopolyPoor level of service, No consumer sovereignty, Consumers may be charged high prices for low quality of goods and function, Lack of competition may lead to low quality and out dated goods and services.Price Discrimination It is the ability to charge different prices to different individual.Need for price discrimination increase output and profit. Buying pattern of individuals will be different. Increase the economic welfare.Eg Air tickets, pictorial matter tickets , discount coupons etc.multiple types of price discriminationFirst-degree price discrimination is an attempt by the seller to leave the price unannounced in barbel and charge each customer the highest price they would be willing to pa y for the barter for.A business may benefit by offering different prices to those who purchase in larger volumes because either they can increase their profit with the increased volume sales or their costs per unit decrease when items are purchased in volume. Businesses can create alternative pricing methods that distinguish high-volume buyers from low-volume buyers. This is second-degree price discrimination.Third-degree price discrimination is differential pricing to different groups of customers. One justification for this practice is that producing goods and services for sale to one identifiable group of customers is less than the cost of sales to another group of customers. For example, a publisher of music or books may be able to sell a music album or a book in electronic form for less cost than a forcible form like a compact disc or printed text.Q3 fiscal policy is a package of economic measures of the government regarding earth expenditure, public assessation, public d ebt or borrowings. It is very important since it refers to the budgetary policy of the government. Explain the fiscal policy and its instruments in detail?Ans Fiscal policy is the means by which a government adjusts its spending levels and tax revenue rates to monitor and influence a nations economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy through which a rudimentary bank influences a nations money supply.instruments of Fiscal Policy are Automatic Stabilizer and Discretionary Fiscal PolicyAutomatic Stabilizer The tax structure and expenditure are programmed in such a way that there is increase in expenditure and decrease in tax in recession and decrease in expenditure and increase in tax revenue in the period of inflation. It refers to built-in response to the economic condition without any look at action on the part of government. It is called built- in- stabilizer to correct and thus restore economic stability. It works in the following manner, Tax revenue Tax revenue incr eases when the income increases as those who were not paying tax go into the higher income tax bracket. When there is depression, the income decreases and many people fall in the no-income-tax bracket and the tax revenue decreases.ii) Discretionary Fiscal Policy Under this, to stabilize the economy, deliberateattempts are made by the government in taxation and expenditure. It entails definite andconscious actions.Instruments of Fiscal Policy Some important instruments of fiscal policy are 1.TAXATION Taxation is always a very important source of revenue for both certain and developing countries. Tax comes under two headingu2013Tax on individual(direct tax) and tax on commodity (indirect tax or commodity tax).a) Direct tax includes income tax, corporate tax, taxes on property and wealth. Indirect tax is tax on the consumptions. It includes sales tax, excise duty and custom duties. Direct tax structure can be split into three bases-Progressive tax Progressive tax says that higher the level of income, greater the volume of tax burden you have to bear. This means as income increases, the tax contribution should also increase. Low income group people pay low tax, whereas the high income group people pay higher tax.2 Regressive tax It is theoretically possible, though no government implements such tax structure, because that leads to unequal distribution of income. As your income increases the contribution through tax decreases. Low income people will pay more and high income people will pay less.Proportional tax When the tax imposed is irrespective of the income you earn, every income group, high or low pay the same amount of tax.b) Indirect Tax Or consumpyion tax tax which is iimposed on every unit of product .Q4 Explain the various methods of vaticination demand?Ans Economic forecasting is the process of making predictions about the economy. Forecasts can be carried out at a high level of accrualfor example for GDP, inflation, unemployment or the fiscal defic itor at a more disaggregated level, for specific sectors of the economy or even specific firms.Methods of forecasting demandAssumptionsFor many goods, the length of the product cycle is shrinking. Not only does this make it more difficult to build a historical database, it accentuates the need to forecast correctly. figurer technology makes it possible to adjust pricing instantly and to modify sales promotions on the run. Without accurate historical information to measure the impact of price changes, the business owner may be forced to experiment. Sales performance of other goods with similar product attributes may serve as proxies for a current product with no track record.Trend AnalysisIf you have historical data or if you can create it from related products skip analysis is the first quality in demand forecasting. Plotting sales over time will reveal the presence of a sales trend if one exists. If there are aberrations hiccups in the trend you can look for explanations, whi ch could include price, weather or demographic changes. If you are proficient with spreadsheet programs, you can chart data points and insert a trend line over the data. A more sophisticated approach is using least squares regression analysis which can also be done with standard spreadsheet software.Qualitative ForecastingA more subjective approach uses expert opinions to predict demand. Especially useful when there is a lack of historical data, relying on the collective opinion of experts makes sense. Begin with an analysis of the market military post, reviewing the economic conditions. Obtain as much information about competitors performance as you can. Then gather opinions from a variety of sources within your business. Include the owner, sales manager, accountant, attorney and any others whose opinion you value. If you wish, you can get outside opinions as well. Qualitative forecasting is based on the consensus view of your panel as you digest and aggregate their opinions.Foreca sting with Economic IndicatorsDepending on the products you sell and the customers who buy them, basing your demand forecast on one or more economic indicators may be an effective method. This style of demand forecasting works better with industrial buyers rather than retail. First, find the indicators that relate to your business. For example, slender businesses in construction-related work can look to housing starts, building permits, loan applications and interest rates for solid indicators of the future. Businesses in agriculture can find clues to the future from farm income, interest rates and weather forecasts. The Departments of Commerce and Agriculture release statistics on an ongoing basis. Agricultural Extension Services and other state agencies countenance complementary dataQ5 Define monopolistic competition and explain its characteristics?Ans Monopolistic Competition A market structure in which several or many sellers each produce similar, but slightly differentiated p roducts. Each producer can set its price and quantity without affecting the market place as a whole.Monopolistically competitive markets exhibit the following characteristicsEach firm makes independent decisions about price and output, based on its product, its market, and its costs of production.Knowledge is astray spread between participants, but it is unlikely to be perfect. For example, diners can review all the menus available from restaurants in a town, before they make their choice. Once inside the restaurant, they can view the menu again, before ordering. However, they cannot fully appreciate the restaurant or the meal until after they have dined.The entrepreneur has a more world-shaking role than in firms that are perfectly competitive because of the increased risks associated with decision making.There is freedom to enter or leave the market, as there are no major barriers to entry or exit.A central feature of monopolistic competition is that products are differentiated. There are four main types of preeminencePhysical product differentiation, where firms use size, design, colour, shape, performance, and features to make their products different. For example, consumer electronics can easily be physically differentiated.Marketing differentiation, where firms try to differentiate their product by distinctive incase and other promotional techniques. For example, breakfast cereals can easily be differentiated through packaging.Human capital differentiation, where the firm creates differences through the skill of its employees, the level of formulation received, distinctive uniforms, and so on.Differentiation through distribution, including distribution via mail order or through internet shopping, such as Amazon.com, which differentiates itself from traditional bookstores by selling online.Firms are price makers and are faced with a downward sloping demand curve. Because each firm makes a unique product, it can charge a higher or lower price than its rivals. The firm can set its own price and does not have to take it from the industry as a whole, though the industry price may be a guideline, or becomes a constraint. This also means that the demand curve will slope downwards.Firms operate under monopolistic competition usually have to engage in advertising. Firms are often in fierce competition with other (local) firms offering a similar product or service, and may need to advertise on a local basis, to let customers know their differences. Common methods of advertising for these firms are through local press and radio, local cinema, posters, leaflets and special promotions.Monopolistically competitive firms are assumed to beprofit maximisers because firms tend to be small with entrepreneurs actively involved in managing the business.There are usually a large numbers of independent firms competing in the market.Q6 When should a firm in perfectly competitive market shut down its doing?Ans Definition of finished CompetitionA ma rket structure in which the following five criteria are met1) All firms sell an identical product2) All firms are price takers they cannot control the market price of their product3) All firms have a relatively small market share4) Buyers have complete information about the product being sold and the prices charged by each firm and5) The industry is characterized by freedom of entry and exit.Perfect competition is sometimes referred to as pure competition.The reason for firm shut down in perfect competitionA perfectly competitive firm is presumed to shutdown production and produce no output in the short run, if price is less than median(a) variable cost. This is one of three short-term production alternatives facing a firm. The other two are profit maximisation (if price exceeds average organic cost) and tone ending minimization (if price is greater than average variable cost but less than average total cost).A perfectly competitive firm guided by the pursuit of profit is prepa red to produce no output if the quantity that equates peripheral revenue and marginal cost in the short run incurs an economic loss greater than total fixed cost. The key to this loss minimization production decision is a comparison of the loss incurred from producing with the loss incurred from not producing. If price is less than average variable cost, then the firm incurs a smaller loss by not producing that by producing.One of Three Alternatives Shutting down is one of three short-run production alternatives facing a perfectly competitive firm. All three are displayed in the table to the right. The other two are profit maximization and loss minimization.With profit maximization, price exceeds average total cost at the quantity that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost. In this case, the firm generates an economic profit.With loss minimization, price is greater than average variable cost but is less than average total cost at the quantity that equates marginal revenue and marginal cost. In this case, the firm incurs a smaller loss by producing some output than by not producing any output.

John Howard Griffins Black Like Me :: Black Like Me Essays

tooshie Howard gryphons Black Like MeIn John Howard Griffins novel Black Like Me, Griffin travels through some Southern American states, including Mississippi. While in Mississippi Griffin experiences racial tension to a degree that he did not expect. It is in Mississippi that he encounters racial stereotypical views directed towards him, which causes him to realize the extent of the racial prejudices that exist. Mississippi is where he is at last able to understand the fellowship shared by more of the blacknesses of the 50s, because of their shared experiences. Although Griffin travels throughout the Southern States, the state ofMississippi serves as a throttle for the realization of what it is truly like to be a Negro in 1959. Once in the state of Mississippi, Griffin witnesses extreme racial tension, that he does not fully expect. It is on the muckle ride into Mississippi that Griffin first experiences true racial cruelty from a resident of Mississippi.It was late dusk wh en the coach-and-four pulled into some little town outside of Hatteisburg for a stop. We pack about ten minutes here, Bill said lets get off here and reduce our legs The driver stood up and announced Ten minute break stop,. The whites rose and ambled off.Bill and I led the Negroes toward the door. As soon as he truism us, the driver blocked our way. Bill slipped under his arm and walked away.Hey male child where are you going? the driver shouted at Bill while he stretched his weapons system across the opening to prevent myself from stepping down. I stood waiting. Where do you turn over your going? he asked, his heavy cheeks quivering with each word. Id like to go to the rest room. I smiled and moved to step down. He tightened his grip on thedoor. Does your tag say for you to get off here? he asked. No sir, but the others... Then you yet sit your ass down. We turned like a tiny herd of cattle and drifted back to our seats. The large woman was apologetic, as though it emba rrassed her for a stranger to see Mississippis dirty linen.1(pg 63) Up to this point in the novelGriffin experiences exactly what he expects to experience. He is taunted with typical racial slurs, and other forms of hostility, which he is able to brush off as meaningless ignorance. This bus driver is denying the black customers the most basic of human needs.John Howard Griffins Black Like Me Black Like Me EssaysJohn Howard Griffins Black Like MeIn John Howard Griffins novel Black Like Me, Griffin travels through many Southern American states, including Mississippi. While in Mississippi Griffin experiences racial tension to a degree that he did not expect. It is in Mississippi that he encounters racial stereotypical views directed towards him, which causes him to realize the extent of the racial prejudices that exist. Mississippi is where he is finally able to understand the fellowship shared by many of the Negroes of the 50s, because of their shared experiences. Although Griffin t ravels throughout the Southern States, the state ofMississippi serves as a catalyst for the realization of what it is truly like to be a Negro in 1959. Once in the state of Mississippi, Griffin witnesses extreme racial tension, that he does not fully expect. It is on the bus ride into Mississippi that Griffin first experiences true racial cruelty from a resident of Mississippi.It was late dusk when the bus pulled into some little town outside of Hatteisburg for a stop. We get about ten minutes here, Bill said lets get off here and stretch our legs The driver stood up and announced Ten minute rest stop,. The whites rose and ambled off.Bill and I led the Negroes toward the door. As soon as he saw us, the driver blocked our way. Bill slipped under his arm and walked away.Hey boy where are you going? the driver shouted at Bill while he stretched his arms across the opening to prevent myself from stepping down. I stood waiting. Where do you think your going? he asked, his heavy cheeks q uivering with each word. Id like to go to the rest room. I smiled and moved to step down. He tightened his grip on thedoor. Does your ticket say for you to get off here? he asked. No sir, but the others... Then you just sit your ass down. We turned like a small herd of cattle and drifted back to our seats. The large woman was apologetic, as though it embarrassed her for a stranger to see Mississippis dirty linen.1(pg 63) Up to this point in the novelGriffin experiences exactly what he expects to experience. He is taunted with typical racial slurs, and other forms of hostility, which he is able to brush off as meaningless ignorance. This bus driver is denying the black customers the most basic of human needs.

Independence and Failure in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Independence and Failure in Macbeth   Peasants of the early sixteenth century are often pictured carrying a bundle of limbs tied with vines on their backs. This is a perfect metaphor for the events in Macbeth. Macbeth is wholeness of many thanes, or limbs, bundled together. The thanes are united by the king, or the vine. Scotland, or the peasant, carries the bundle by the sweat of his brow. They carry the bundle for fires on cold nights, or wars, and to build homes, or castles, to protect them from the elements, or invaders. If the limbs are tied improperly, one limb may slip to the post and cause the peasant, or nation, to stumble or fall. If the limb slides completely out, the rest of the limbs may follow because the bundle is loose. sexual union is like a triangle. Each spouse makes up one of the leaning sides, and marriage the lower side. The three together are very strong, but to wear they all must be united. The longer a marriage is held the longer the bottom stretches , and the more dependent each person becomes on the other. If one side tries to stand on its own then the second will fall on the first as it tries to stand. This metaphor also excellently exemplifies the catastrophe that occurs in Macbeth as both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth try to separate. Macbeth is a eighteenth century play written by William Shakespeare. Using these two metaphors, the breakdown in the consanguinity between Lady Macbeth and Macbeth and between the king and the thanes and how they perfectly parallel each other because each is caused by Macbeths will to be independent.   According to Websters dictionary, the archaic explanation of independence is competence (1148). To be independent is not to be subject to control by others (Gove 1148). This means that independence is to be in control of ones decisions and to pure tone they are good decisions. Macbeth, on the other hand, feels independence is to not be subordinate to others like the king.   To be indepen dent, one must be strong. Inner strength, not physical strength, is needed. Inner strength is only accomplished by having a high self-esteem. Macbeth does not and must use others to reach for independence. Macbeth needs this strength It Macbeth hurls a universe against a man, and if the universe that strikes is more impressive than the man who is stricken, as great as his size and gaunt as his soul may be he will fall.

my weapon :: essays research papers

my weaponwake up wake up did you hear me narrate WAKE THE FUCK UP? serene sunlight gleaming in my eyes i slowly rise with a crooked-face expression, eyebrows half way withdraw my face, the taste of that overnight blunt stapled to the tip of my tongue and shopping through my taste buds. i take a deep breath, inhaling life into my lungs and salute the parvenu day as a blessing. i see a pen resting. its pleading me to pick it up and filter my being. gotta have it, so i view it. feel the fragile but fluent flow of the pen conceiving thoughts held deep within. the ink oozing through its sides being penetrated by my flow. aqueous strokes assuaging my sense. hands handle fast, manually massaging my mating mechanism. trying hard to find control and express realism. lost in a solitude of thought, i start to dwell on a time when freedom expelled and i fell into a hell i called my conventional cell, a little 8X8 room adorned with adolescent self-confidence and innocent ignorance. aqua ne t bottles being trampled by nike sponsored 100% cotton pillow cases. spit swallowed blunts chillin behind the endless stock of hot cheeto bags. role models consisted of the ones with the gats and the crazyweed sacks, a newly-dawning seed, i became part of a media-spawning breed, thought monetary accomplishment was the way you could succeed it was all about the benjamins right? $80 jeans just to check up on in and be tight. some other $80 to experience the vintage look GAP. saw the degradation of my generation in its obsession with immediate gratification. a teenage soul lost in a premature matured reality, unknown space caused the escape of my individuality, responsibility became nothing but a formality. began exploring the untamed and constantly plain realm of sexuality. falling through the cracks of the gang banging mentality. 19th and mission, another fatality. i began my journey of questioning morality living in a golf club that teaches sex education in 3rd grade. so much violence on TV, my sensitivity starts to fade. i see sheep being led off a cliff, not knowing the black sheep was being paid. thoughts of family begin to scatter as a barrage of TV becomes my espionage of what a family should be. time to switch channels. click another ESL student stricken to silence.click fremont high state basketball champs, but cant read.

Essay --

It was not without justification that the OECD 1979 report on the impact of the newly industrialized countries referred to Japan as the forerunner of the NICs (Dore, 1986). all over the ages, Japan has developed from a powerful economy in Asia, to the third biggest economy in the world after the United States at number one, and the slews Republic of China at number two, Japan in fact was the second biggest economy in the world until the year 2010 when Chinas Gross Domestic Product (GDP) got higher at $1.337 trillion, more than Japans $1.288 trillion GDP. Japan has over the years struggled to fight deflation, which has been a major problem to their economic growth. The growth of Japans economy leave behind be looked at from four basic perspectives, the historical miracle of the bubble economy, the current deflationary and debt crises Japan is facing, the direction of the economy right from the economic miracle of the 1950s, and an insight to the future of Japan.Japanese economic g rowth can be sectioned into three divers(prenominal) historic eras namely, the Tokugawa (EDO) period, the Meiji period, and the post-war span. The Tokugawa period also recognized as the Edo period, lasted from 1603 - 1867, during this period, Japan under the rule of Emperor Iyesu Tokugawa became isolated from the rest of the world, as a emergence of that they enjoyed internal tranquility, political and economic stability, Japan enjoyed a stable economy because of the embargo the emperor embossed banning farmers from involving in other economic activities asunder from the agricultural sector, this policy helped boost Japans national economy rapidly from the 1680s to the earliest parts of the 1700s. In 1867 the last Tokugawa shogunate was over thrown, less(prenominal) than a year later... ...lumber of stagnation currently hunting them, the persistent escalation in devaluation combined with high administration debt and low cash spending from the people will make it harder for Japan to recover their economic attitude. The Japanese Prime Ministers policy are basically aimed at restoring the economy of the country, pessimist economists believe a deflation as great as that of Japan will be difficult to reverse, from the look of new spending power policies from BOJ, the Japanese are expected to ontogeny spending power, thereby increasing PPP which will give rise to inflation in the country. The future of Japans economy may thus far still be regained as a powerful global economy. The future of the Japanese economy depends on the success of Shinzo Abes economic strategies, the rate of deflationary cut-down, and good economic policies.